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python3+PyQt5泛型委托详解

yipeiwu_com5年前Python基础

自定义委托可以让我们对视图中出现的数据项的外观和行为进行完全控制。如果有很多模型，可能会希望不是全部的大多数模型能够仅用一个自定义委托，如果不能这么做，那么对于这些自定义委托，将很有可能存在大量重复代码。为了使得维护工作变得轻松，更好的方法为不要为每个模型创建一个自定义委托，而是用一系列的通用组件来共同构成一个委托。本文通过Python3+pyqt5实现了python Qt GUI 快速编程的16章的泛型委托例子。

/home/yrd/eric_workspace/chap16/richtextlineedit.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import platform
import sys
import html
from PyQt5.QtCore import QSize, Qt,pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QColor, QFont,QFontMetrics, QIcon, QKeySequence, QPixmap,QTextCharFormat
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QAction,QApplication,QMenu,QTextEdit


class RichTextLineEdit(QTextEdit):
 returnPressed=pyqtSignal()
 (Bold, Italic, Underline, StrikeOut, Monospaced, Sans, Serif,
  NoSuperOrSubscript, Subscript, Superscript) = range(10)


 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(RichTextLineEdit, self).__init__(parent)

  self.monofamily = "courier"
  self.sansfamily = "helvetica"
  self.seriffamily = "times"
  self.setLineWrapMode(QTextEdit.NoWrap)
  self.setTabChangesFocus(True)
  self.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff)
  self.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(Qt.ScrollBarAlwaysOff)
  fm = QFontMetrics(self.font())
  h = int(fm.height() * (1.4 if platform.system() == "Windows"
         else 1.2))
  self.setMinimumHeight(h)
  self.setMaximumHeight(int(h * 1.2))
  self.setToolTip("Press <b>Ctrl+M</b> for the text effects "
    "menu and <b>Ctrl+K</b> for the color menu")


 def toggleItalic(self):
  self.setFontItalic(not self.fontItalic())


 def toggleUnderline(self):
  self.setFontUnderline(not self.fontUnderline())


 def toggleBold(self):
  self.setFontWeight(QFont.Normal
    if self.fontWeight() > QFont.Normal else QFont.Bold)


 def sizeHint(self):
  return QSize(self.document().idealWidth() + 5,
      self.maximumHeight())


 def minimumSizeHint(self):
  fm = QFontMetrics(self.font())
  return QSize(fm.width("WWWW"), self.minimumHeight())


 def contextMenuEvent(self, event):
  self.textEffectMenu()


 def keyPressEvent(self, event):
  if event.modifiers() & Qt.ControlModifier:
   handled = False
   if event.key() == Qt.Key_B:
    self.toggleBold()
    handled = True
   elif event.key() == Qt.Key_I:
    self.toggleItalic()
    handled = True
   elif event.key() == Qt.Key_K:
    self.colorMenu()
    handled = True
   elif event.key() == Qt.Key_M:
    self.textEffectMenu()
    handled = True
   elif event.key() == Qt.Key_U:
    self.toggleUnderline()
    handled = True
   if handled:
    event.accept()
    return
  if event.key() in (Qt.Key_Enter, Qt.Key_Return):
   self.returnPressed.emit()
   event.accept()
  else:
   QTextEdit.keyPressEvent(self, event)


 def colorMenu(self):
  pixmap = QPixmap(22, 22)
  menu = QMenu("Colour")
  for text, color in (
    ("&Black", Qt.black),
    ("B&lue", Qt.blue),
    ("Dark Bl&ue", Qt.darkBlue),
    ("&Cyan", Qt.cyan),
    ("Dar&k Cyan", Qt.darkCyan),
    ("&Green", Qt.green),
    ("Dark Gr&een", Qt.darkGreen),
    ("M&agenta", Qt.magenta),
    ("Dark Mage&nta", Qt.darkMagenta),
    ("&Red", Qt.red),
    ("&Dark Red", Qt.darkRed)):
   color = QColor(color)
   pixmap.fill(color)
   action = menu.addAction(QIcon(pixmap), text, self.setColor)
   action.setData(color)
  self.ensureCursorVisible()
  menu.exec_(self.viewport().mapToGlobal(
     self.cursorRect().center()))


 def setColor(self):
  action = self.sender()
  if action is not None and isinstance(action, QAction):
   color = QColor(action.data())
   if color.isValid():
    self.setTextColor(color)


 def textEffectMenu(self):
  format = self.currentCharFormat()
  menu = QMenu("Text Effect")
  for text, shortcut, data, checked in (
    ("&Bold", "Ctrl+B", RichTextLineEdit.Bold,
     self.fontWeight() > QFont.Normal),
    ("&Italic", "Ctrl+I", RichTextLineEdit.Italic,
     self.fontItalic()),
    ("Strike &out", None, RichTextLineEdit.StrikeOut,
     format.fontStrikeOut()),
    ("&Underline", "Ctrl+U", RichTextLineEdit.Underline,
     self.fontUnderline()),
    ("&Monospaced", None, RichTextLineEdit.Monospaced,
     format.fontFamily() == self.monofamily),
    ("&Serifed", None, RichTextLineEdit.Serif,
     format.fontFamily() == self.seriffamily),
    ("S&ans Serif", None, RichTextLineEdit.Sans,
     format.fontFamily() == self.sansfamily),
    ("&No super or subscript", None,
     RichTextLineEdit.NoSuperOrSubscript,
     format.verticalAlignment() ==
     QTextCharFormat.AlignNormal),
    ("Su&perscript", None, RichTextLineEdit.Superscript,
     format.verticalAlignment() ==
     QTextCharFormat.AlignSuperScript),
    ("Subs&cript", None, RichTextLineEdit.Subscript,
     format.verticalAlignment() ==
     QTextCharFormat.AlignSubScript)):
   action = menu.addAction(text, self.setTextEffect)
   if shortcut is not None:
    action.setShortcut(QKeySequence(shortcut))
   action.setData(data)
   action.setCheckable(True)
   action.setChecked(checked)
  self.ensureCursorVisible()
  menu.exec_(self.viewport().mapToGlobal(
     self.cursorRect().center()))


 def setTextEffect(self):
  action = self.sender()
  if action is not None and isinstance(action, QAction):
   what = action.data()
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.Bold:
    self.toggleBold()
    return
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.Italic:
    self.toggleItalic()
    return
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.Underline:
    self.toggleUnderline()
    return
   format = self.currentCharFormat()
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.Monospaced:
    format.setFontFamily(self.monofamily)
   elif what == RichTextLineEdit.Serif:
    format.setFontFamily(self.seriffamily)
   elif what == RichTextLineEdit.Sans:
    format.setFontFamily(self.sansfamily)
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.StrikeOut:
    format.setFontStrikeOut(not format.fontStrikeOut())
   if what == RichTextLineEdit.NoSuperOrSubscript:
    format.setVerticalAlignment(
      QTextCharFormat.AlignNormal)
   elif what == RichTextLineEdit.Superscript:
    format.setVerticalAlignment(
      QTextCharFormat.AlignSuperScript)
   elif what == RichTextLineEdit.Subscript:
    format.setVerticalAlignment(
      QTextCharFormat.AlignSubScript)
   self.mergeCurrentCharFormat(format)


 def toSimpleHtml(self):
  htmltext = ""
  black = QColor(Qt.black)
  block = self.document().begin()
  while block.isValid():
   iterator = block.begin()
   while iterator != block.end():
    fragment = iterator.fragment()
    if fragment.isValid():
     format = fragment.charFormat()
     family = format.fontFamily()
     color = format.foreground().color()     
     text=html.escape(fragment.text())
     if (format.verticalAlignment() ==
      QTextCharFormat.AlignSubScript):
      text = "<sub>{0}</sub>".format(text)
     elif (format.verticalAlignment() ==
       QTextCharFormat.AlignSuperScript):
      text = "<sup>{0}</sup>".format(text)
     if format.fontUnderline():
      text = "<u>{0}</u>".format(text)
     if format.fontItalic():
      text = "<i>{0}</i>".format(text)
     if format.fontWeight() > QFont.Normal:
      text = "<b>{0}</b>".format(text)
     if format.fontStrikeOut():
      text = "<s>{0}</s>".format(text)
     if color != black or family:
      attribs = ""
      if color != black:
       attribs += ' color="{0}"'.format(color.name())
      if family:
       attribs += ' face="{0}"'.format(family)
      text = "<font{0}>{1}</font>".format(attribs,text)
     htmltext += text
    iterator += 1
   block = block.next()
  return htmltext

if __name__ == "__main__":
 def printout(lineedit):
  print(str(lineedit.toHtml()))
  print(str(lineedit.toPlainText()))
  print(str(lineedit.toSimpleHtml()))    
 app = QApplication(sys.argv)
 lineedit = RichTextLineEdit()
 lineedit.returnPressed.connect(lambda:printout(lineedit))
 lineedit.show()
 lineedit.setWindowTitle("RichTextEdit")
 app.exec_()

/home/yrd/eric_workspace/chap16/genericdelegates.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

from PyQt5.QtCore import (QDate, QSize, Qt)
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QDateEdit, QLineEdit,
  QSpinBox, QStyledItemDelegate,QStyle)
from PyQt5.QtGui import QColor,QTextDocument
import richtextlineedit


class GenericDelegate(QStyledItemDelegate):

 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(GenericDelegate, self).__init__(parent)
  self.delegates = {}


 def insertColumnDelegate(self, column, delegate):
  delegate.setParent(self)
  self.delegates[column] = delegate


 def removeColumnDelegate(self, column):
  if column in self.delegates:
   del self.delegates[column]


 def paint(self, painter, option, index):
  delegate = self.delegates.get(index.column())
  if delegate is not None:
   delegate.paint(painter, option, index)
  else:
   QStyledItemDelegate.paint(self, painter, option, index)


 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  delegate = self.delegates.get(index.column())
  if delegate is not None:
   return delegate.createEditor(parent, option, index)
  else:
   return QStyledItemDelegate.createEditor(self, parent, option,
             index)


 def setEditorData(self, editor, index):
  delegate = self.delegates.get(index.column())
  if delegate is not None:
   delegate.setEditorData(editor, index)
  else:
   QStyledItemDelegate.setEditorData(self, editor, index)


 def setModelData(self, editor, model, index):
  delegate = self.delegates.get(index.column())
  if delegate is not None:
   delegate.setModelData(editor, model, index)
  else:
   QStyledItemDelegate.setModelData(self, editor, model, index)


class IntegerColumnDelegate(QStyledItemDelegate):

 def __init__(self, minimum=0, maximum=100, parent=None):
  super(IntegerColumnDelegate, self).__init__(parent)
  self.minimum = minimum
  self.maximum = maximum


 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  spinbox = QSpinBox(parent)
  spinbox.setRange(self.minimum, self.maximum)
  spinbox.setAlignment(Qt.AlignRight|Qt.AlignVCenter)
  return spinbox


 def setEditorData(self, editor, index):
  value = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole)
  editor.setValue(value)


 def setModelData(self, editor, model, index):
  editor.interpretText()
  model.setData(index, editor.value())


class DateColumnDelegate(QStyledItemDelegate):

 def __init__(self, minimum=QDate(),
     maximum=QDate.currentDate(),
     format="yyyy-MM-dd", parent=None):
  super(DateColumnDelegate, self).__init__(parent)
  self.minimum = minimum
  self.maximum = maximum
  self.format = format


 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  dateedit = QDateEdit(parent)
  #dateedit=QDateTimeEdit(parent)
  dateedit.setDateRange(self.minimum, self.maximum)
  dateedit.setAlignment(Qt.AlignRight|Qt.AlignVCenter)
  dateedit.setDisplayFormat(self.format)
  dateedit.setCalendarPopup(True)
  return dateedit


 def setEditorData(self, editor, index):
  value = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole)
  #if value.isNull:
  editor.setDate(value)
  #editor.setDisplayFormat(self.format)

 def setModelData(self, editor, model, index):
  model.setData(index, editor.date())
 def paint(self, painter, option, index):
  text = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole).toString(self.format)
  palette = QApplication.palette()
  document = QTextDocument()
  document.setDefaultFont(option.font)
  if option.state & QStyle.State_Selected:
   document.setHtml("<font color={0}>{1}</font>".format(palette.highlightedText().color().name(),text))
  else:
   document.setHtml(text)
  painter.save()
  color = (palette.highlight().color()
     if option.state & QStyle.State_Selected
     else QColor(index.model().data(index,
        Qt.BackgroundColorRole)))
  painter.fillRect(option.rect, color)
  painter.translate(option.rect.x(), option.rect.y())
  document.drawContents(painter)
  painter.restore()  


class PlainTextColumnDelegate(QStyledItemDelegate):

 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(PlainTextColumnDelegate, self).__init__(parent)


 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  lineedit = QLineEdit(parent)
  return lineedit


 def setEditorData(self, editor, index):
  value = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole)
  editor.setText(value)


 def setModelData(self, editor, model, index):
  model.setData(index, editor.text())


class RichTextColumnDelegate(QStyledItemDelegate):

 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(RichTextColumnDelegate, self).__init__(parent)


 def paint(self, painter, option, index):
  text = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole)
  palette = QApplication.palette()
  document = QTextDocument()
  document.setDefaultFont(option.font)
  if option.state & QStyle.State_Selected:
   document.setHtml("<font color={0}>{1}</font>".format(palette.highlightedText().color().name(),text))
  else:
   document.setHtml(text)
  painter.save()
  color = (palette.highlight().color()
     if option.state & QStyle.State_Selected
     else QColor(index.model().data(index,
        Qt.BackgroundColorRole)))
  painter.fillRect(option.rect, color)
  painter.translate(option.rect.x(), option.rect.y())
  document.drawContents(painter)
  painter.restore()


 def sizeHint(self, option, index):
  text = index.model().data(index).toString()
  document = QTextDocument()
  document.setDefaultFont(option.font)
  document.setHtml(text)
  return QSize(document.idealWidth() + 5,
      option.fontMetrics.height())


 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  lineedit = richtextlineedit.RichTextLineEdit(parent)
  return lineedit


 def setEditorData(self, editor, index):
  value = index.model().data(index, Qt.DisplayRole)
  editor.setHtml(value)


 def setModelData(self, editor, model, index):
  model.setData(index, editor.toSimpleHtml())

/home/yrd/eric_workspace/chap16/carhirelog.pyw

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import bisect
import os
import platform
import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import (QAbstractTableModel, QDate, QModelIndex,
  QVariant, Qt,pyqtSignal)
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QMainWindow,
  QShortcut, QTableView)
from PyQt5.QtGui import QKeySequence
import genericdelegates


(LICENSE, CUSTOMER, HIRED, MILEAGEOUT, RETURNED, MILEAGEBACK,
 NOTES, MILEAGE, DAYS) = range(9)


class CarHireLog(object):

 def __init__(self, license, customer, hired, mileageout,
     returned=QDate(), mileageback=0, notes=""):
  self.license = license  # plain text
  self.customer = customer # plain text
  self.hired = hired     # QDate
  self.mileageout = mileageout   # int
  self.returned = returned    # QDate
  self.mileageback = mileageback  # int
  self.notes = notes   # HTML


 def field(self, column):
  if column == LICENSE:
   return self.license
  elif column == CUSTOMER:
   return self.customer
  elif column == HIRED:
   return self.hired
  elif column == MILEAGEOUT:
   return self.mileageout
  elif column == RETURNED:
   return self.returned
  elif column == MILEAGEBACK:
   return self.mileageback
  elif column == NOTES:
   return self.notes
  elif column == MILEAGE:
   return self.mileage()
  elif column == DAYS:
   return self.days()
  assert False


 def mileage(self):
  return (0 if self.mileageback == 0
     else self.mileageback - self.mileageout)


 def days(self):
  return (0 if not self.returned.isValid()
     else self.hired.daysTo(self.returned))


 def __hash__(self):
  return super(CarHireLog, self).__hash__()


 def __eq__(self, other):
  if self.hired != other.hired:
   return False
  if self.customer != other.customer:
   return False
  if self.license != other.license:
   return False
  return id(self) == id(other)


 def __lt__(self, other):
  if self.hired < other.hired:
   return True
  if self.customer < other.customer:
   return True
  if self.license < other.license:
   return True
  return id(self) < id(other)


class CarHireModel(QAbstractTableModel):
 dataChanged = pyqtSignal(QModelIndex,QModelIndex)
 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(CarHireModel, self).__init__(parent)
  self.logs = []

  # Generate fake data
  import gzip
  import random
  import string
  surname_data = gzip.open(os.path.join(
    os.path.dirname(__file__), "surnames.txt.gz")).read()
  surnames = surname_data.decode("utf8").splitlines()
  years = ("06 ", "56 ", "07 ", "57 ", "08 ", "58 ")
  titles = ("Ms ", "Mr ", "Ms ", "Mr ", "Ms ", "Mr ", "Dr ")
  notetexts = ("Returned <font color=red><b>damaged</b></font>",
    "Returned with <i>empty fuel tank</i>",
    "Customer <b>complained</b> about the <u>engine</u>",
    "Customer <b>complained</b> about the <u>gears</u>",
    "Customer <b>complained</b> about the <u>clutch</u>",
    "Returned <font color=darkred><b>dirty</b></font>",)
  today = QDate.currentDate()
  for i in range(250):
   license = []
   for c in range(5):
    license.append(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase))
   license = ("".join(license[:2]) + random.choice(years) +
      "".join(license[2:]))
   customer = random.choice(titles) + random.choice(surnames)
   hired = today.addDays(-random.randint(0, 365))
   mileageout = random.randint(10000, 30000)
   notes = ""
   if random.random() >= 0.2:
    days = random.randint(1, 21)
    returned = hired.addDays(days)
    mileageback = (mileageout +
        (days * random.randint(30, 300)))
    if random.random() > 0.75:
     notes = random.choice(notetexts)
   else:
    returned = QDate()
    mileageback = 0
   log = CarHireLog(license, customer, hired, mileageout,
        returned, mileageback, notes)
   bisect.insort(self.logs, log)


 def rowCount(self, index=QModelIndex()):
  return len(self.logs)


 def columnCount(self, index=QModelIndex()):
  return 9


 def data(self, index, role):
  if not index.isValid():
   return QVariant()
  if role == Qt.DisplayRole:
   log = self.logs[index.row()]
   value = log.field(index.column())
   if (index.column() in (MILEAGEBACK, MILEAGE, DAYS) and
    value == 0):
    return 0
   return value
  if (role == Qt.TextAlignmentRole and
   index.column() not in (LICENSE, CUSTOMER, NOTES)):
   return QVariant(int(Qt.AlignRight|Qt.AlignVCenter))
  if role == Qt.BackgroundColorRole:
   palette = QApplication.palette()
   if index.column() in (LICENSE, MILEAGE, DAYS):
    return QVariant(palette.alternateBase())
   else:
    return QVariant(palette.base())
  return QVariant()


 def setData(self, index, value, role=Qt.EditRole):
  if (index.isValid() and role == Qt.EditRole and
   index.column() not in (LICENSE, MILEAGE, DAYS)):
   log = self.logs[index.row()]
   column = index.column()
   if column == CUSTOMER:
    log.customer = value
   elif column == HIRED:
    #log.hired = value.toDate()
    log.hired = value
   elif column == MILEAGEOUT:
    log.mileageout = value
   elif column == RETURNED:
    #log.returned = value.toDate()
    log.returned = value
   elif column == MILEAGEBACK:
    log.mileageback = value
   elif column == NOTES:
    log.notes = value
   self.dataChanged[QModelIndex,QModelIndex].emit(index,index)
   return True
  return False


 def headerData(self, section, orientation, role):
  if role == Qt.TextAlignmentRole:
   if orientation == Qt.Horizontal:
    return QVariant(int(Qt.AlignCenter))
   return QVariant(int(Qt.AlignRight|Qt.AlignVCenter))
  if role != Qt.DisplayRole:
   return QVariant()
  if orientation == Qt.Horizontal:
   if section == LICENSE:
    return "License"
   elif section == CUSTOMER:
    return "Customer"
   elif section == HIRED:
    return "Hired"
   elif section == MILEAGEOUT:
    return "Mileage #1"
   elif section == RETURNED:
    return "Returned"
   elif section == MILEAGEBACK:
    return "Mileage #2"
   elif section == DAYS:
    return "Days"
   elif section == MILEAGE:
    return "Miles"
   elif section == NOTES:
    return "Notes"
  return section + 1


 def flags(self, index):
  flag = QAbstractTableModel.flags(self, index)
  if index.column() not in (LICENSE, MILEAGE, DAYS):
   flag |= Qt.ItemIsEditable
  return flag


class HireDateColumnDelegate(genericdelegates.DateColumnDelegate):

 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  i = index.sibling(index.row(), RETURNED)
  self.maximum = i.model().data(i, Qt.DisplayRole).addDays(-1)
  return genericdelegates.DateColumnDelegate.createEditor(
    self, parent, option, index)


class ReturnDateColumnDelegate(genericdelegates.DateColumnDelegate):

 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  i = index.sibling(index.row(), HIRED)
  self.minimum = i.model().data(i, Qt.DisplayRole).addDays(1)
  return genericdelegates.DateColumnDelegate.createEditor(
    self, parent, option, index)


class MileageOutColumnDelegate(genericdelegates.IntegerColumnDelegate):

 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  i = index.sibling(index.row(), MILEAGEBACK)
  maximum = i.model().data(i, Qt.DisplayRole)
  self.maximum = 1000000 if maximum == 0 else maximum - 1
  return genericdelegates.IntegerColumnDelegate.createEditor(
    self, parent, option, index)


class MileageBackColumnDelegate(genericdelegates.IntegerColumnDelegate):

 def createEditor(self, parent, option, index):
  i = index.sibling(index.row(), MILEAGEOUT)
  self.minimum = i.model().data(i, Qt.DisplayRole) + 1
  return genericdelegates.IntegerColumnDelegate.createEditor(
    self, parent, option, index)


class MainForm(QMainWindow):

 def __init__(self, parent=None):
  super(MainForm, self).__init__(parent)

  model = CarHireModel(self)

  self.view = QTableView()
  self.view.setModel(model)
  self.view.resizeColumnsToContents()

  delegate = genericdelegates.GenericDelegate(self)
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(CUSTOMER,
    genericdelegates.PlainTextColumnDelegate())
  earliest = QDate.currentDate().addYears(-3)
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(HIRED,
    HireDateColumnDelegate(earliest))
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(MILEAGEOUT,
    MileageOutColumnDelegate(0, 1000000))
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(RETURNED,
    ReturnDateColumnDelegate(earliest))
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(MILEAGEBACK,
    MileageBackColumnDelegate(0, 1000000))
  delegate.insertColumnDelegate(NOTES,
    genericdelegates.RichTextColumnDelegate())

  self.view.setItemDelegate(delegate)
  self.setCentralWidget(self.view)

  QShortcut(QKeySequence("Escape"), self, self.close)
  QShortcut(QKeySequence("Ctrl+Q"), self, self.close)

  self.setWindowTitle("Car Hire Logs")


app = QApplication(sys.argv)
form = MainForm()
rect = QApplication.desktop().availableGeometry()
form.resize(int(rect.width() * 0.7), int(rect.height() * 0.8))
form.move(0, 0)
form.show()
app.exec_()

运行结果：

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持【听图阁-专注于Python设计】。

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准备软件 下载地址 ： https://download.csdn.net/download/tangcv/11968538 pycharm文件太大，不好上传 ，直接去官网下载：ht...

Django csrf 两种方法设置form的实例

第一种方法，在视图函数上边添加一条语句 @csrf_exempt 例子： @csrf_exempt def login(request): return render_to_...

在python中实现调用可执行文件.exe的3种方法

方法一、 os.system() 会保存可执行程序中的打印值和主函数的返回值，且会将执行过程中要打印的内容打印出来 import os main = "project1.exe"...

python 读取文件并把矩阵转成numpy的两种方法

在当前目录下： 方法1： file = open(‘filename') a =file.read() b =a.split(‘\n')#使用换行 len(b) #统计有多少行...

详解python中的Turtle函数库

python对函数库的引用方式 1、import <库名> 例如：import turtle 如果需要使用库函数中的函数，需要使用：<库名>.<函数名&...

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